十九世纪欧洲语言学史_图书大全
十九世纪欧洲语言学史
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出版年: 1958-5
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作者简介
Holger Pedersen (linguist)
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Holger Pedersen [h?lg?? ?p?ee???sn?] was a Danish linguist who made significant contributions to language science and wrote about 30 authoritative works concerning several languages.
He was born in Gelballe, Denmark on April 7, 1867 and died in Copenhagen on October 25, 1953.
Pedersen received his doctorate in 1897 from the University of Copenhagen and stayed on there as a professor.
Among students of the Celtic languages he is best known for his Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen, "Comparative Grammar of the Celtic Languages," which is still regarded as the major reference work in Celtic historical linguistics.
Two of his theories have been receiving considerable attention in recent times after decades of neglect, often known today under the names of the Nostratic/Eurasiatic theory and the glottalic theory.
目录 [隐藏]
1 Origin of the Nostratic theory
2 Origin of the glottalic theory
3 Works of Holger Pedersen mentioned in this article
4 References
5 External links
[编辑]Origin of the Nostratic theory
Pedersen seems to have first used the term "Nostratian" in an article on Turkish phonology published in 1903. Today, it has been replaced by the term "Nostratic."
Pedersen's definition of Nostratian is as follows (1931:338):
As a comprehensive designation for the families of languages which are related to Indo-European, we may employ the expression Nostratian languages (from Latin nostrās "our countryman").
In his view, Indo-European was most clearly related to Finno-Ugric and Samoyed, with "similar, though fainter, resemblances" to Turkish, Mongolian, and Manchu; to Yukaghir; and to Eskimo (1931:338). He also considered Indo-European might be related to Semitic and that, if so, it must be related to Hamitic and possibly to Basque (ib.).
In modern terms, we would say he was positing genetic relationship between Indo-European and the Uralic, Altaic, Yukaghir, Eskimo, and Afro-Asiatic language families. (The existence of the Altaic family is controversial, and few would now assign Basque to Afro-Asiatic.)
However, in Pedersen's view the languages listed did not exhaust the possibilities for Nostratian (ib.):
The boundaries for the Nostratian world of languages cannot yet be determined, but the area is enormous, and includes such widely divergent races that one becomes almost dizzy at the thought. (...) The question remains simply whether sufficient material can be collected to give this inclusion flesh and blood and a good clear outline.
[编辑]Origin of the glottalic theory
In a work published in 1951, Pedersen pointed out that the frequency of b in Indo-European is abnormally low. Comparison of languages, however, shows that it would be normal if it had once been the equivalent voiceless stop p, which is infrequent or absent in many languages.
He also posited that the Indo-European voiced aspirates, bh dh gh, could be better understood as voiceless aspirates, ph th kh.
Pedersen therefore proposed that the three stop series of Indo-European, p t k, bh dh gh, and b d g, had at an earlier time been b d g, ph th kh, and (p) t k, with the voiceless and voiced non-aspirates reversed.
This theory attracted relatively little attention until the American linguist Paul Hopper (1973) and the two Soviet scholars Thomas V. Gamkrelidze and Vyacheslav V. Ivanov proposed, in a series of articles culminating in a major work by Gamkrelidze and Ivanov published in 1984 (English translation 1995), that the Indo-European b d g series had in fact been originally a glottalized series, p' t' k'. Under this form, the theory has attracted wide interest. There seems to be a good chance that it will endure in one form or another.
[编辑]Works of Holger Pedersen mentioned in this article
1903. "Türkische Lautgesetze," in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenl?ndischen Gesellschaft 57, 535-561.
1909-1913. Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen, 2 volumes. G?ttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.
1931. Linguistic Science in the Nineteenth Century: Methods and Results, translated from the Danish by John Webster Spargo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
1951. Die gemeinindoeurop?ischen und die vorindoeurop?ischen Verschlusslaute. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Historisk-filologiske Meddelelser 32.5. Copenhagen.
[编辑]References
Paul J. Hopper, “Glottalized and murmured occlusives in Indo-European.” Glossa 7,2 (1973):141-166.
Thomas V. Gamkrelidze and Vja?eslav V. Ivanov, Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans, 2 volumes. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1995 (original Russian edition 1984).
